National Water Quality Guidelines - new homes in berwick

NATIONAL WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES:

    The current national water quality guidelines for drinking water (ADWG, 2004) and irrigation, livestock watering and aquatic ecosystems (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2000) provide a critical framework for regulators, managers, researchers and the community. The national guidelines are summarised in Table 1. The guidelines place specific thresholds on the quality of water that is intended for specific uses. The goal of groundwater protection is to protect the groundwater resources of the nation so that these resources can support their identified beneficial uses and values in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable and acceptable manner.

   Guideline values have been determined for those chemical components that are considered to have significant potential to harm human health at concentrations above the specified limits. Guideline values should not be exceeded in public water supplies. It should also be noted that exceeding the guideline values may not always be a matter for immediate concern, but rather a trigger for follow-up action.

   In many regions groundwater is used mostly for agriculture. The quality of groundwater is then assessed relative to guidelines established for livestock and irrigation. Since different crops and livestock vary considerably in their ability to tolerate salts in water, the major characteristic to be considered for water intended for use in agriculture is salinity and sodicity. Water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems also apply to groundwater. Guideline trigger values have been established for selected indicators. For some indicators, trigger values are based on alternative levels of species protection.

Table 1 : Australian Guidelines for Drinking Watera, Livestockb and Irrigation Waterb

PARAMETER	DRINKING WATER (mg/L)				LIVESTOCK WATERING		IRRIGATION LTVd		IRRIGATION STVe
HEALTH		AESTHETIC		(mg/L)		(mg/L)		(mg/L)
Thermotolerant coliforms	0 CFU/100 mL		-		100 CFU/100 mL		<10-10000 data-blogger-escaped-cfu="" data-blogger-escaped-ml="" data-blogger-escaped-span="">
Aluminium	NAD		0.2		5		5		20
Antimony	0.003		-		-		-		-
Arsenic	0.007		-		0.5-5c		0.1		2
Barium	0.7		-		-		-		-
Beryllium	NAD		NAD		-		0.1		0.5
Boron	4		-		5		0.5		Crop dependent
Calcium	-		-		1000		-		-
Cadmium	0.002		-		0.01		0.01		0.05
Chloride	-		250		-		Crop dependent		Crop dependent
Chromium (as VI)	0.05		-		1		0.1		1
Cobalt	-		-		1		0.05		0.1
Copper	2		1		0.4 (sheep) 1 (cattle) 5 (pigs/poultry)		0.2		5
Fluoride	1.5		-		2.0		1.0		2.0
Iodide	0.1		-		-		-		-
Iron	-		0.3		-		0.2		10
Lead	0.01		-		0.1		2		5
Lithium		-		-		-		2.5 (0.075 on citrus)
Magnesium	-		-		-		-		-
Manganese	0.5		0.1		-		0.2		10
Mercury	0.001		-		0.002		0.002		0.002
Molybdenum	0.05		-		0.15		0.01		0.05

PARAMETER	DRINKING WATER (mg/L)				LIVESTOCK WATERING		IRRIGATION LTVd		IRRIGATION STVe
HEALTH		AESTHETIC		(mg/L)		(mg/L)		(mg/L)
Nickel	0.02		-		1		0.2		2
Selenium	0.01		-		0.02		0.02		0.05
Silver	0.1		-		-		-		-
Sodium	-		180		-		Crop dependent		Crop dependent
Uranium	0.02		-		0.2		0.01		0.1
Vanadium	-		-		-		0.1		0.5
Zinc	-		3		20		2		5
Ammonia (as N)	-		0.41		-		-		-
Nitrite (as N)	0.9		-		9.12		-		-
Nitrate (as N)	11.3		-		90.3		-		-
pH		-		6.5-8.5		-		6-8.5
Sulfate	500		250		1000		-		-
TDS	-		500		Stock dependent		Site specific		Site specific

a From Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, National Water Quality Management Strategy,    NHMRC/NRMMC, 2004.
b From Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality,  ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2000.
c May be tolerated if not provided as a food additive and natural levels in the diet are low.
d LTV denotes long-term trigger value, the maximum concentration of contaminant in the irrigation water that  can be tolerated assuming 100 years of irrigation, based on irrigation loading assumptions.
e STV denotes short-term trigger value, the maximum concentration of contaminant in the irrigation water  which can be tolerated for a shorter period of time (20 years), assuming the same maximum annual irrigation  loading to soil as for the LTV.
 NAD denotes No Available Data.


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Groundwater Hydrogeochemistry - Craigieburn New Homes

 GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY

         Groundwater contains a variety of chemical constituents at different concentrations. The greater part of the soluble constituents in groundwater comes from soluble minerals in soils and sedimentary rocks (Waterwatch, 2005). A much smaller part has its origin in the atmosphere and surface water bodies. For most groundwaters, 95% of the ions are represented by only a few major ionic species: the positively charged cations sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), and the negatively charged anions chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and nitrate (NO3-). These ionic species when added together account for most of the salinity that is commonly referred to as total mineralisation or total dissolved solids (TDS).

        Chemical signatures of groundwater, in terms of concentrations and isotopic ratios, can be used to understand groundwater processes. Isotopic methods have received a great share of attention as tracers in hydrogeology, but it is important to validate any interpretation with other chemical, hydraulic, geophysical or geological approaches. Since most hydrogeological situations are complex, a multi-parameter approach is often advantageous. In many instances, the hydrogeochemistry may be used effectively to derive parameters such as recharge, discharge and mixing rates. For example, changes in the groundwater chemistry can be used to track the movement of water, yielding information such as water residence time in the saturated zone, identifying recharge processes and the source of recharge water.

         The unsaturated zone is a special case where major ion composition, particularly chloride concentrations, can play a major role in recharge studies, providing quantitative estimates that are difficult or costly to measure using other methods.

         The potential applications of inorganic chemical tracers are shown conceptually in Figure 1. Fluxes of solutes from rainfall and runoff are shown (natural and anthropogenic) as well as reactions within the soil and in the saturated zone. Note the distinction between open system and closed system with respect to the gas phases (principally carbon dioxide, CO2, and oxygen, O2) in the unsaturated and saturated zones respectively.

 MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER

         Groundwater also contains a broad spectrum of microbial types similar to those found in surface soils and waters. These microbes encompass bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and are representative of most physiological types. On occasion pathogenic viruses, bacteria and protozoans of gastrointestinal origin from domestic, agricultural and other anthropogenic activities, may infiltrate through soils, sediments and rocks to the underlying groundwater (Plazinska, 2000). Measurement of microbiological quality of groundwater is difficult and costly. However, to allow quick and relatively inexpensive detection of faecal contamination in drinking water, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used as surrogates in a number of studies (Plazinska, 2000). The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, 2003) recommend the
use of E.Coli as a primary indicator of faecal contamination of drinking water.

                        Figure : Conceptual diagram of the hydrogeochemical cycle incorporating the processes affecting the transport and reactions involving major ions (adapted from Back et al. 1993)


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Groundwater Sampling - Melbourne Town Planning

 GROUNDWATER SAMPLING:

          Groundwater sampling can be undertaken for a variety of reasons. For example, the information derived from groundwater sampling, and the ensuing analyses and interpretations of the hydrochemical and isotopic results could significantly assist in the:

• identification of the aquifers intercepted by water bores
• determination of leakage and hydraulic connection between aquifers
• assessment of groundwater movement and flow patterns
• understanding of recharge-discharge mechanisms
• determination of the nature of surface water and groundwater interconnectivity
• identification of the magnitude, sources and transport of salt, nutrients, pesticides and other contaminants
• delineation of natural discharge and environmental use (such as base-flow)
• identification and evaluation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems
• evaluation of baseline groundwater quality and the relevant beneficial uses of the groundwater resource
• understanding of the evolution of the groundwater chemistry and flow patterns, and possible causes for       groundwater quality changes
• assessment of the impact of land use changes, irrigation and groundwater extraction on the regional groundwater quantity and quality
• developing groundwater as an effective sampling medium for mineral exploration
• assisting in the characterisation of geothermal resources and technical issues associated with their development, and
• assisting with site selection and monitoring of geologically stored CO2.

SCOPE OF THIS GUIDE:

      This guide has been developed to provide sufficient information to plan and carry out field groundwater sampling of a high standard, ensuring that only representative, high integrity samples are collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. The main aims of the guide are to:

• provide a comprehensive practical overview covering the basic elements of effective groundwater sampling
• provide simple and efficient methods for monitoring groundwater systems, and
• outline procedures for sampling from the bore site to delivery to the laboratory.


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Groundwater Sampling and Analysis –Builders in Cranbourne

     Groundwater resources support many urban, rural and remote communities around Australia. Aquifers are a source of water for drinking, irrigation, stock supply, bottling and many other uses, accounting for over 30% of Australia’s total water consumption (NWC, 2008). As industrial and agricultural development of Australia increases, the demand for water also steadily grows. In some parts of the country, the current rate of groundwater extraction is depleting the resource faster than it is being recharged. Therefore understanding the basic processes about groundwater as well as the factors that can affect its quantity and quality is of vital importance in managing this significant resource. Monitoring provides data on groundwater quantity and quality and is an integral aspect of groundwater management. Sampling of groundwater for analysis of its chemical constituents is part of this strategy. Ideally, such sampling and analysis should be carried out on a regular basis where groundwater is being extracted for a variety of uses. Depending on the purpose of monitoring, different parameters can be tested.

   Surface water quality sampling procedures have been developed over the past 50 years and are very well documented. Groundwater sampling requirements and goals are often quite different to those of surface water sampling and there has been less emphasis in the past to define a set of standards applicable to groundwater. The objective of groundwater sampling is to obtain a sample with minimum disturbance to the in situ geochemical and hydrogeological conditions.
There exist publications by the State agencies on groundwater sampling (Jiwan and Gates, 1992; Rayment and Poplawski, 1992; Vic EPA, 2000; SA EPA, 2007), groundwater quality sampling in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBC, 1997), groundwater monitoring for community groups (Waterwatch, 2005) and sampling for contaminated sites (AWRC, 1991). Although these documents are very relevant to the specific issues they address, there is a need to provide a comprehensive set of sampling guidelines that can be used as a standard generic guide across a range of geoscientific disciplines. This recognises that groundwater sampling and analysis is an activity within projects dealing with carbon capture and storage, mineral exploration, geothermal and energy resources, as well as for groundwater resource assessment and management.

   The purpose of this field guide is to present a set of standard groundwater sampling protocols that focus on a range of groundwater quantity and quality issues throughout Australia. A uniform, accurate and reliable set of sampling procedures will foster the collection of comparable data of a known standard. Ultimately, this allows for greater confidence in the interpretation of any field based data. This guide does not cover the aspects of core sampling, geological grain size analysis, pore fluid extraction and analysis.




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Industry Products Related Reports-builders in berwick-builders in south morang

Industry Products Related Reports Table of Contents

What is the Sports and Athletic Field Construction Industry?

This industry constructs and installs athletic and sports fields (such as for football, baseball, soccer and lacrosse). Companies construct artificial turf for sports fields, install grass fields, install athletic track, construct or install embedded equipment (e.g. goal posts, cages, protective netting and scoreboards), construct and install seating, and install lighting. This industry does not include sports stadium construction.

Industry Products

Drainage systems

Levelling and field shaping

Artificial field installation

Embedded infrastructure installation

Refurbishment

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sporting courts

fields for sporting use

athletic tracks

Installation of drainage systems for fields and courts

Embedding of sporting equipment into fields

sporting courts

fields for sporting use

athletic tracks

Installation of drainage systems for fields and courts

Embedding of sporting equipment into fields

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Sports and Athletic Field Construction Market Research Report | Builders in berwick, Newhomes in south morang

Poor performance: Revenue has declined as government stimulus packages ended

The Sports and Athletic Field Construction market research report provides key industry analysis and industry statistics, measures market size, analyses current and future industry trends and shows market share for the industry’s largest companies. IBISWorld publishes the largest collection of industry reports so you can see an industry’s supply chain, economic drivers and key buyers and markets.

Report Snapshot

Industry Analysis & Industry Trends

Industry participants are grateful recipients of various government stimulus packages. In 2008-09 when the construction sector threatened to crumble, the government announced various capital grants to keep the core part of the Australian economy strong. The two most significant packages granted eligible schools and local government authority’s access to $2.2 billion to fund school and community infrastructure programs. While firms were kept busy with these projects, industry revenue only reflected this initiate in 2010-11 when the bulk of projects were completed. Government assistance was only a temporary fix for this ailing segment of the Construction division. Since that boost, industry revenue has fallen as funds for ground development or refurbishment projects grew scarce... purchase to read more

Industry Report - Industry Investment Chapter

Despite heavy reliance on machinery and equipment to perform work, a significant portion of this equipment required is rented. As such, capital depreciation is relatively low compared to other machine and equipment intensive industries, such as manufacturing. Further, the prevalence of small enterprises in this industry, limits industry participants ability to make large outlays on capital equipment. On average, industry participants spend $18.60 on labour for every dollar spent on machinery and equipment. The wage expense have, in fact, risen over the past five years because of the strong wage attributable to growing demand for construction related services in 2008-09..

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My Home :: My Design :: My Choice Call Us today for a free consultation in melbourne

S J Builders is a reputed new home builder located in Melbourne. Being established in 2010 by Santi Philip, the company has been involved in many projects from Unit/Townhouse development and New Single family homes.

With 18 years of industrial experience both locally and internationally as consultant and working closely with the contractors, traders and building consultants SJ Builders have managed to form a trusted circle of team members who strive to deliver unparalleled quality and craftsmanship. We ensure that our custom build homes have a balanced approach that explores all the possibilities within design and function to suit your needs. Our outstanding construction quality and ability to work along with our clients to achieve desirable plan layout and provide premium level finishes, sets SJ Builders apart from other home builders in Melbourne.